{"tossups":{"count":4204,"questionArray":[{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d85a9","question":"<b>One king with this regnal name granted one company a monopoly over the creation of “popish soap”. The installation of one king with this regnal name was once celebrated on Oak Apple Day and was propagated by a military force commanded by George Monck. During one king of this regnal name’s reign, the Speaker John Finch was held down in his chair in Parliament, leading to a period of </b>(*) “personal rule”. The most recent king of this regnal name endorsed an urban design experiment in a suburb of Dorchester. The first king of this regnal name was found guilty of high treason and was opposed by the New Model Army. For 10 points, identify this regnal name shared by three English and British kings, the second of which succeeded Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate and the third of which is the current British monarch.","question_sanitized":"One king with this regnal name granted one company a monopoly over the creation of \"popish soap\". The installation of one king with this regnal name was once celebrated on Oak Apple Day and was propagated by a military force commanded by George Monck. During one king of this regnal name's reign, the Speaker John Finch was held down in his chair in Parliament, leading to a period of (*) \"personal rule\". The most recent king of this regnal name endorsed an urban design experiment in a suburb of Dorchester. The first king of this regnal name was found guilty of high treason and was opposed by the New Model Army. For 10 points, identify this regnal name shared by three English and British kings, the second of which succeeded Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate and the third of which is the current British monarch.","answer":"<b><u>Charles</u></b> [accept <b><u>Charles</u></b> I or <b><u>Charles</u></b> II or <b><u>Charles</u></b> III]","answer_sanitized":"Charles [accept Charles I or Charles II or Charles III]","updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:08.434Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","number":17,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8598","name":"1","number":1},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d85ab","question":"<b>Elafibranor can be used to prevent a dangerous build up in this organ caused by PBC. Glucuronidation (“GLOO-cu-roh-ni-DAY-shun”) mainly occurs in this organ to increase the solubility of a pigment which may also serve as an antioxidant. This organ can be divided in two by Cantlie’s line in the Couinaud </b> <b>(“kwee-NOH”) classification. The rightmost of the two colic flexures is sometimes named for this organ. </b> <b>Three quarters of the blood flow into this organ comes from the</b> (*) portal vein, which can experience hypertension when this organ experiences scarring. Eighty percent of the mass of this organ is made up of hepatocytes, which help it to perform its function of processing toxins like bilirubin. For 10 points, which large organ can be affected by cirrhosis as a result of alcohol abuse?","question_sanitized":"Elafibranor can be used to prevent a dangerous build up in this organ caused by PBC. Glucuronidation (\"GLOO-cu-roh-ni-DAY-shun\") mainly occurs in this organ to increase the solubility of a pigment which may also serve as an antioxidant. This organ can be divided in two by Cantlie's line in the Couinaud (\"kwee-NOH\") classification. The rightmost of the two colic flexures is sometimes named for this organ. Three quarters of the blood flow into this organ comes from the (*) portal vein, which can experience hypertension when this organ experiences scarring. Eighty percent of the mass of this organ is made up of hepatocytes, which help it to perform its function of processing toxins like bilirubin. For 10 points, which large organ can be affected by cirrhosis as a result of alcohol abuse?","answer":"<b><u>liver</u></b> [prompt on <u>bile duct</u>s before ‘glucuronidation’]","answer_sanitized":"liver [prompt on bile ducts before 'glucuronidation']","updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:08.434Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Biology","number":19,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8598","name":"1","number":1},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c7","question":"<i>Note to moderator: read answerline carefully.</i> <b>Dan Danner describes Anthony Gilby as an early example of one of these people, who translated the first Bible available to the general public in England. The Marprelate Controversy was a crisis involving pamphlets written by some of these people, including Job Throckmorton, attacking the reigning monarch. A manifesto written by a group of these people, known as the Millenary Petition, was presented to the reigning king during the </b>(*) Hampton Court Conference. The political influence of members of this religious group culminated in the trial and execution of Archbishop William Laud (“LORD”), who this religious group viewed as a “crypto-Catholic”. Members of this religious group presented the Root and Branch Petition to Parliament in 1640, which contributed to the start of the English Civil War. For 10 points, identify this conservative Protestant group associated with the Roundheads and Oliver Cromwell.","question_sanitized":"Note to moderator: read answerline carefully. Dan Danner describes Anthony Gilby as an early example of one of these people, who translated the first Bible available to the general public in England. The Marprelate Controversy was a crisis involving pamphlets written by some of these people, including Job Throckmorton, attacking the reigning monarch. A manifesto written by a group of these people, known as the Millenary Petition, was presented to the reigning king during the (*) Hampton Court Conference. The political influence of members of this religious group culminated in the trial and execution of Archbishop William Laud (\"LORD\"), who this religious group viewed as a \"crypto-Catholic\". Members of this religious group presented the Root and Branch Petition to Parliament in 1640, which contributed to the start of the English Civil War. For 10 points, identify this conservative Protestant group associated with the Roundheads and Oliver Cromwell.","answer":"<b><u>Puritan</u>s</b> [prompt on <u>Presbyterian</u>s, prompt on <u>Congregationalist</u>s, prompt on <u>Protestant</u>s, prompt on <u>Calvinist</u>s, prompt on <u>nonconformist</u>s or <u>dissent</u>ers or <u>dissent</u>ing Christians]","answer_sanitized":"Puritans [prompt on Presbyterians, prompt on Congregationalists, prompt on Protestants, prompt on Calvinists, prompt on nonconformists or dissenters or dissenting Christians]","updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:11.483Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","number":2,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c5","name":"2","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85cc","question":"<b>One character in this play forgets the words to a song with lyrics about a cook that beats a dog to death with a ladle. That character in this play smells of garlic, which he says he eats for his kidney health. One character in this play then delivers a nonsense speech, including a line about a “personal god </b> <b>quaquaquaqua.” Characters in this play attempt to remove that character’s hat, who is then told to (*) </b>“think!” That character in this play is a slave named Lucky and is kept on a leash by a character named Pozzo. At the end of this play, the two central characters consider suicide whilst sitting under the single tree on the stage. For 10 points, identify this absurdist play by Samuel Beckett featuring Vladimir and Estragon, in which the title character never arrives.","question_sanitized":"One character in this play forgets the words to a song with lyrics about a cook that beats a dog to death with a ladle. That character in this play smells of garlic, which he says he eats for his kidney health. One character in this play then delivers a nonsense speech, including a line about a \"personal god quaquaquaqua.\" Characters in this play attempt to remove that character's hat, who is then told to (*) \"think!\" That character in this play is a slave named Lucky and is kept on a leash by a character named Pozzo. At the end of this play, the two central characters consider suicide whilst sitting under the single tree on the stage. For 10 points, identify this absurdist play by Samuel Beckett featuring Vladimir and Estragon, in which the title character never arrives.","answer":"<i><b><u>Waiting for Godo</u></b></i><b><u>t</u></b> [or <i><b><u>En attendant Godot</u></b></i>]","answer_sanitized":"Waiting for Godot [or En attendant Godot]","updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:11.484Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Drama","number":7,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c5","name":"2","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85d8","question":"<b>The Ferguson reflex occurs during this process, which is assessed using the Bishop score. Sheehan's syndrome may occur as a result of this process. The condition HDFN occurs following this process and is prevented with Rhoclone or Rhogam. A form of psychoprophylaxis used during this process is named for Fernand (*)</b> Lamaze (“la-MAHZ”), who extensively studied this process. In some situations, an injection of the synthetic hormone Pitocin (“pit-OH-sin”) facilitates this process, following which colostrum is produced. A score named for Virginia Apgar, which assesses respiratory effort and pulse among others, is taken following this process. For 10 points, name this process assisted by a midwife, the completion of pregnancy.","question_sanitized":"The Ferguson reflex occurs during this process, which is assessed using the Bishop score. Sheehan's syndrome may occur as a result of this process. The condition HDFN occurs following this process and is prevented with Rhoclone or Rhogam. A form of psychoprophylaxis used during this process is named for Fernand (*) Lamaze (\"la-MAHZ\"), who extensively studied this process. In some situations, an injection of the synthetic hormone Pitocin (\"pit-OH-sin\") facilitates this process, following which colostrum is produced. A score named for Virginia Apgar, which assesses respiratory effort and pulse among others, is taken following this process. For 10 points, name this process assisted by a midwife, the completion of pregnancy.","answer":"child<b><u>birth</u></b> [or giving <b><u>birth</u></b>, accept <b><u>parturition</u></b> or any answer indicating the <b><u>delivery</u></b> of a newborn <b><u>child</u> </b>or <b><u>baby</u></b>; accept \"<b><u>hav</u></b>ing <b><u>kid</u></b>s\" or equivalents; prompt on <u>labour</u> or <u>pregnancy</u> or equivalents by asking “What process follows this?”]","answer_sanitized":"childbirth [or giving birth, accept parturition or any answer indicating the delivery of a newborn child or baby; accept \"having kids\" or equivalents; prompt on labour or pregnancy or equivalents by asking \"What process follows this?\"]","updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:11.484Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Biology","number":19,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c5","name":"2","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea3790210e","question":"<b>Pauline Oliveros played this instrument, which she featured in her work with the Deep Listening Band. The amount of tremolo in the sound of these instruments creates a “dry” or “wet” tuning. These instruments may have their harmonics muted by a chamber known as a cassotto. This instrument typically joins the bajo sexto and tololoche in norteño music. Stradella, Italy, names a bass system for this instrument organized in a circle of fifths. Clifton Chenier played this instrument and pioneered its use in (*)</b> zydeco music. <i>Oblivion</i> and <i>Libertango</i> feature a relative of this instrument played by Astor Piazzolla; that instrument is the bandoneon. Players of this free-reed instrument may operate a buttonboard with their left hand and a keyboard with their right. For 10 points, name this instrument played with hand-pumped bellows.","question_sanitized":"Pauline Oliveros played this instrument, which she featured in her work with the Deep Listening Band. The amount of tremolo in the sound of these instruments creates a \"dry\" or \"wet\" tuning. These instruments may have their harmonics muted by a chamber known as a cassotto. This instrument typically joins the bajo sexto and tololoche in norteno music. Stradella, Italy, names a bass system for this instrument organized in a circle of fifths. Clifton Chenier played this instrument and pioneered its use in (*) zydeco music. Oblivion and Libertango feature a relative of this instrument played by Astor Piazzolla; that instrument is the bandoneon. Players of this free-reed instrument may operate a buttonboard with their left hand and a keyboard with their right. For 10 points, name this instrument played with hand-pumped bellows.","answer":"<b><u>accordion</u></b> [accept <b><u>concertina</u></b> or <b><u>squeezebox</u></b> until “Stradella” is read; accept <b><u>bandoneon</u></b> until “cassotto” is read]","answer_sanitized":"accordion [accept concertina or squeezebox until \"Stradella\" is read; accept bandoneon until \"cassotto\" is read]","updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:35:03.999Z","category":"Fine Arts","subcategory":"Auditory Fine Arts","number":10,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea37902104","name":"03","number":3},"set":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea379020b1","name":"2026 ARCADIA","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"6a028dc1e7d76fea37902134","question":"<b>An oration given by this person, which declares “as in all times some must be rich, some poor,” is argued by Perry Miller to “stand at the beginning of consciousness” in American thought. This person decried a fast-day sermon by the founder of Exeter that expounds the anti-preparationist theology of John Cotton. After defeating Henry Vane to be elected Governor, this magistrate rooted out advocates of “free grace” like John Wheelwright in the (*)</b> Antinomian Controversy. This lawyer, who presided over the trial of Anne Hutchinson, anticipated American exceptionalism in a speech delivered aboard the <i>Arbella</i>. Ronald Reagan frequently drew on a phrase from this man’s sermon <i>A Model of Christian Charity</i>. For 10 points, name this Puritan leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who envisioned a “city upon a hill.”","question_sanitized":"An oration given by this person, which declares \"as in all times some must be rich, some poor,\" is argued by Perry Miller to \"stand at the beginning of consciousness\" in American thought. This person decried a fast-day sermon by the founder of Exeter that expounds the anti-preparationist theology of John Cotton. After defeating Henry Vane to be elected Governor, this magistrate rooted out advocates of \"free grace\" like John Wheelwright in the (*) Antinomian Controversy. This lawyer, who presided over the trial of Anne Hutchinson, anticipated American exceptionalism in a speech delivered aboard the Arbella. Ronald Reagan frequently drew on a phrase from this man's sermon A Model of Christian Charity. For 10 points, name this Puritan leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who envisioned a \"city upon a hill.\"","answer":"John <b><u>Winthrop</u></b> [reject “John Winthrop the Younger”]","answer_sanitized":"John Winthrop [reject \"John Winthrop the Younger\"]","updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:35:03.999Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","number":7,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"6a028dc1e7d76fea3790212d","name":"04","number":4},"set":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea379020b1","name":"2026 ARCADIA","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"6a028dc1e7d76fea3790215b","question":"<b>This ruler’s faux-intellectualism is satirized in a depiction in which he holds a candle to a tiny portrait of Oliver Cromwell, titled </b><i><b>A Connoisseur Examining a Cooper</b></i><b>. This ruler’s miserliness was frequently satirized in cartoons that depict him as a farmer, by James Gillray. This monarch’s opposition to Catholic emancipation contributed to the dissolution of a national unity government led by William Grenville. That (*)</b> “Ministry of All the Talents” abolished the slave trade during the reign of this monarch, whose authority was challenged by “King Mob” during the Gordon Riots. Lord North resigned as this king’s prime minister after the disastrous defeat at Yorktown. For 10 points, name this longest-serving British king who is best known for losing the Thirteen Colonies.","question_sanitized":"This ruler's faux-intellectualism is satirized in a depiction in which he holds a candle to a tiny portrait of Oliver Cromwell, titled A Connoisseur Examining a Cooper. This ruler's miserliness was frequently satirized in cartoons that depict him as a farmer, by James Gillray. This monarch's opposition to Catholic emancipation contributed to the dissolution of a national unity government led by William Grenville. That (*) \"Ministry of All the Talents\" abolished the slave trade during the reign of this monarch, whose authority was challenged by \"King Mob\" during the Gordon Riots. Lord North resigned as this king's prime minister after the disastrous defeat at Yorktown. For 10 points, name this longest-serving British king who is best known for losing the Thirteen Colonies.","answer":"<b><u>George III</u></b> [prompt on <u>George</u>]","answer_sanitized":"George III [prompt on George]","updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:35:03.999Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","number":5,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"6a028dc1e7d76fea37902156","name":"05","number":5},"set":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea379020b1","name":"2026 ARCADIA","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"6a028dc3e7d76fea37902286","question":"<b>In a story by this author, a man tracks his progress through a narrow path with a pedometer that measures years instead of miles. White worms called the Mending Apparatus pull down a character in another story by this author to protect an entity that provides all the needs of humans. In that story by this author, Kuno delivers the title line to Vashti before the godlike</b> (*) mechanical being wastes away. This author of <i>The Other Side of the Hedge</i> wrote a novel in which Eleanor Lavish steals the protagonist’s Baedeker guide in Santa Croce. That protagonist created by this author of <i>The Machine Stops</i> breaks off her engagement with Cecil Vyse to marry George Emerson. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Lucy Honeychurch in <i>A Room with a View</i>.","question_sanitized":"In a story by this author, a man tracks his progress through a narrow path with a pedometer that measures years instead of miles. White worms called the Mending Apparatus pull down a character in another story by this author to protect an entity that provides all the needs of humans. In that story by this author, Kuno delivers the title line to Vashti before the godlike (*) mechanical being wastes away. This author of The Other Side of the Hedge wrote a novel in which Eleanor Lavish steals the protagonist's Baedeker guide in Santa Croce. That protagonist created by this author of The Machine Stops breaks off her engagement with Cecil Vyse to marry George Emerson. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Lucy Honeychurch in A Room with a View.","answer":"E. M. <b><u>Forster</u></b> [or Edward Morgan <b><u>Forster</u></b>]","answer_sanitized":"E. M. Forster [or Edward Morgan Forster]","updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:35:03.999Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Short Fiction","number":17,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"6a028dc3e7d76fea37902275","name":"12","number":12},"set":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea379020b1","name":"2026 ARCADIA","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"6a028dc3e7d76fea379022a2","question":"<b>In the 1960s, this city implemented its “five-directions commuting strategy” to reduce an overcrowding problem. A flower logo marks the only surviving tram line from this city’s Toden system. This city, which formerly employed passenger-pushers, is the main area where Suica and Pasmo cards are used and is also the hub of the JR East rail company. Farmers from (*)</b> Sanrizuka protested against an airport serving this city, which is the main hub for an airline that uses a crane as its livery as well as ANA (“A-N-A”). This city contains a likely candidate for the world’s busiest pedestrian intersection, Shibuya Crossing, and it is also a major hub for Shinkansen bullet trains. Haneda and Narita airports serve this city. For 10 points, name this capital of Japan.","question_sanitized":"In the 1960s, this city implemented its \"five-directions commuting strategy\" to reduce an overcrowding problem. A flower logo marks the only surviving tram line from this city's Toden system. This city, which formerly employed passenger-pushers, is the main area where Suica and Pasmo cards are used and is also the hub of the JR East rail company. Farmers from (*) Sanrizuka protested against an airport serving this city, which is the main hub for an airline that uses a crane as its livery as well as ANA (\"A-N-A\"). This city contains a likely candidate for the world's busiest pedestrian intersection, Shibuya Crossing, and it is also a major hub for Shinkansen bullet trains. Haneda and Narita airports serve this city. For 10 points, name this capital of Japan.","answer":"<b><u>Tokyo</u></b>","answer_sanitized":"Tokyo","updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:35:03.999Z","category":"Geography","subcategory":"Geography","number":4,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"6a028dc3e7d76fea3790229e","name":"13","number":13},"set":{"_id":"6a028dc0e7d76fea379020b1","name":"2026 ARCADIA","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd32ebd243472854782e","question":"Studies of this trait in response to an event in Lagerlunda led Frithiof Holmgren to develop his namesake wool. A book titled for this trait, which analyzes both lytico-bodig disease in Guam and the prevalence of this trait on the Pingelap Atoll, is by Oliver Sacks. By analyzing Homeric epithets, William Gladstone dubiously concluded that the Ancient Greeks had this trait. Mark Zuckerberg’s possession of a form of this trait partly inspired Facebook’s logo. This trait was historically called Daltonism in reference to John Dalton, who had a form of it called deuteranopia. This trait can be detected via an Ishihara test, in which a number is written in a circle of dots. For 10 points, what trait that can be caused by missing or deficient cone cells includes the congenital “red–green” form?","question_sanitized":"Studies of this trait in response to an event in Lagerlunda led Frithiof Holmgren to develop his namesake wool. A book titled for this trait, which analyzes both lytico-bodig disease in Guam and the prevalence of this trait on the Pingelap Atoll, is by Oliver Sacks. By analyzing Homeric epithets, William Gladstone dubiously concluded that the Ancient Greeks had this trait. Mark Zuckerberg's possession of a form of this trait partly inspired Facebook's logo. This trait was historically called Daltonism in reference to John Dalton, who had a form of it called deuteranopia. This trait can be detected via an Ishihara test, in which a number is written in a circle of dots. For 10 points, what trait that can be caused by missing or deficient cone cells includes the congenital \"red-green\" form?","answer":"<b><u>color blind</u></b>ness [or <b><u>colorblind</u></b>ness; or <b><u>color vision deficiency</u></b>; or <b><u>color deficiency</u></b>; or <b><u>CVD</u></b>; accept <b><u>achromatopsia</u></b>; accept specific forms of color blindness like <b><u>deuteranopia</u></b> or <b><u>monochromacy</u></b> or <b><u>red–green color blind</u></b>ness until read; prompt on color <u>vision</u> or eye<u>sight</u>] (Sacks’s book is <i>The Island of the Colorblind</i>.)","answer_sanitized":"color blindness [or colorblindness; or color vision deficiency; or color deficiency; or CVD; accept achromatopsia; accept specific forms of color blindness like deuteranopia or monochromacy or red-green color blindness until read; prompt on color vision or eyesight] (Sacks's book is The Island of the Colorblind.)","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:07.928Z","category":"Other Academic","subcategory":"Other Academic","number":18,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd243472854781c","name":"B - Queens A, UCLA B, Edinburgh B, St. Georges A, Oxford B","number":2},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd33ebd2434728547851","question":"<i>Note to moderator: Read the full answerline carefully,</i> The Tenentists sought reform of this regime and allied with the Prestes Column in several revolts. This regime was founded under a “Republic of the Sword” that was overthrown after an economic crisis whose name translates to “mount the saddle,” the <i>Encilhamento</i> (“en-seel-ya-MEN-toh”). The stoppage of a lumber delivery sparked a war that ended with this regime’s forces massacring 25,000 followers of Anthony the Counselor. This regime’s navy mutinied under the Revolt of the Lash after it began a regional naval arms race by commissioning dreadnoughts from the UK. Under coronelism (“co-ro-nel-ism”), this regime was led from two power bases summarized in the phrase “coffee with milk.” For 10 points, Getúlio Vargas ended what republic established after the overthrow of Pedro II?","question_sanitized":"Note to moderator: Read the full answerline carefully, The Tenentists sought reform of this regime and allied with the Prestes Column in several revolts. This regime was founded under a \"Republic of the Sword\" that was overthrown after an economic crisis whose name translates to \"mount the saddle,\" the Encilhamento (\"en-seel-ya-MEN-toh\"). The stoppage of a lumber delivery sparked a war that ended with this regime's forces massacring 25,000 followers of Anthony the Counselor. This regime's navy mutinied under the Revolt of the Lash after it began a regional naval arms race by commissioning dreadnoughts from the UK. Under coronelism (\"co-ro-nel-ism\"), this regime was led from two power bases summarized in the phrase \"coffee with milk.\" For 10 points, Getulio Vargas ended what republic established after the overthrow of Pedro II?","answer":"<b><u>First Brazilian Republic</u></b> [or word forms denoting a <b><u>first</u></b> <b><u>republic</u></b> of <b><u>Brazil</u></b>; accept <b><u>Primeira República Brasileira</u></b>; accept the <b><u>Old Republic</u></b> or <b><u>República Velha</u></b>; accept <b><u>República Oligárquica</u></b> or <b><u>República das Oligarquias</u></b>; accept Republic of the <b><u>United States of Brazil</u></b> or República do <b><u>Estados Unidos do Brasil</u></b>; prompt on “<u>coffee</u> with <u>milk</u>” or “<u>café</u> com <u>leite</u>” until read; prompt on partial answers like <u>Brazil</u> and <u>First Republic</u>]","answer_sanitized":"First Brazilian Republic [or word forms denoting a first republic of Brazil; accept Primeira Republica Brasileira; accept the Old Republic or Republica Velha; accept Republica Oligarquica or Republica das Oligarquias; accept Republic of the United States of Brazil or Republica do Estados Unidos do Brasil; prompt on \"coffee with milk\" or \"cafe com leite\" until read; prompt on partial answers like Brazil and First Republic]","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:08.326Z","category":"History","subcategory":"World History","number":12,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd33ebd2434728547845","name":"C - Virginia Tech A, Waterloo A, UCSD A, UBC A","number":3},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd33ebd243472854787d","question":"The Fahrni group pioneered cellular detection of this element using tetrathiazacrown (“tetra-THY-uh-za-crown”) ether probes. This metal is needed for beta-monooxygenases to convert dopamine into norepinephrine (“nor-epi-NEFF-rin”). This metal can be delivered to its ATP7A transporter while bound to ceruloplasmin. This metal’s iodide is notably not required when using cyclooctynes (“cyclo-OCK-tynes”) developed by the Bertozzi group in a variant of click chemistry “free” of it. Zinc and this metal are coordinated in the most common family of eukaryotic superoxide dismutases. ParaGard is among a class of IUDs coated in this metal. Epoxide ring openings in alkaloid syntheses often use lithium and this metal in the form of Gilman reagents. Oxygen is bound to this metal in hemocyanin giving spider blood a blue hue. For 10 points, name this element whose symbol is Cu.","question_sanitized":"The Fahrni group pioneered cellular detection of this element using tetrathiazacrown (\"tetra-THY-uh-za-crown\") ether probes. This metal is needed for beta-monooxygenases to convert dopamine into norepinephrine (\"nor-epi-NEFF-rin\"). This metal can be delivered to its ATP7A transporter while bound to ceruloplasmin. This metal's iodide is notably not required when using cyclooctynes (\"cyclo-OCK-tynes\") developed by the Bertozzi group in a variant of click chemistry \"free\" of it. Zinc and this metal are coordinated in the most common family of eukaryotic superoxide dismutases. ParaGard is among a class of IUDs coated in this metal. Epoxide ring openings in alkaloid syntheses often use lithium and this metal in the form of Gilman reagents. Oxygen is bound to this metal in hemocyanin giving spider blood a blue hue. For 10 points, name this element whose symbol is Cu.","answer":"<b><u>copper</u></b> [or <b><u>Cu</u></b> until read; accept <b><u>copper</u></b>-free click chemistry]","answer_sanitized":"copper [or Cu until read; accept copper-free click chemistry]","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:08.841Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Chemistry","number":15,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd33ebd243472854786e","name":"D - UBC B, Oxford A, Waterloo B, CWRU A, Columbia C","number":4},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd34ebd24347285478f3","question":"The titular daughter of King Arthur travels east to retrieve one of these objects from Saladin to save her husband in the Irish romance, the <i>Adventures of Orlando and Melora</i>. The one-handed warrior Bedwyr used one of these objects that could draw “blood from the wind” when split in two and impart nine times the damage. An object of this type that bled “without the presence of flesh” is the first object seen by Perceval during a procession that includes a candelabra, a chalice, and a silver platter. Sir Balin uses this type of object to deliver the Dolorous Strike to the Fisher King’s haunches, creating the Wasteland. St. Longinus utilizes this type of object to create the last of the Five Holy Wounds. For 10 points, what object “of Destiny” spills blood and water from Christ’s side?","question_sanitized":"The titular daughter of King Arthur travels east to retrieve one of these objects from Saladin to save her husband in the Irish romance, the Adventures of Orlando and Melora. The one-handed warrior Bedwyr used one of these objects that could draw \"blood from the wind\" when split in two and impart nine times the damage. An object of this type that bled \"without the presence of flesh\" is the first object seen by Perceval during a procession that includes a candelabra, a chalice, and a silver platter. Sir Balin uses this type of object to deliver the Dolorous Strike to the Fisher King's haunches, creating the Wasteland. St. Longinus utilizes this type of object to create the last of the Five Holy Wounds. For 10 points, what object \"of Destiny\" spills blood and water from Christ's side?","answer":"<b><u>spear</u></b>s [or <b><u>lance</u></b>s; accept <i><b><u>gáe</u></b></i>; accept <i><b><u>lancea</u></b></i>; accept the Bleeding <b><u>Lance</u></b>; accept the Holy <b><u>Lance</u></b> or the <b><u>Spear</u></b> of Destiny]","answer_sanitized":"spears [or lances; accept gae; accept lancea; accept the Bleeding Lance; accept the Holy Lance or the Spear of Destiny]","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:09.611Z","category":"Mythology","subcategory":"Mythology","number":10,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd34ebd24347285478e9","name":"G - McMaster A, Notre Dame C, Rutgers A, NYU A","number":7},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd34ebd2434728547946","question":"This politician often traveled with Jack Lira, who had been escorted out of his events for drunkenness. The journalist Herb Caen published a column that linked this politician with Oliver Sipple, who thwarted an assassination attempt by grabbing Sara Jane Moore’s arm. This politician described cult leader Jim Jones as a “man of the highest character” in a letter to Jimmy Carter. This politician’s death led to Cornelius Murphy’s appointment as Chief of Police following the White Night riots. This politician delivered the “Hope” speech while campaigning against the Briggs Initiative. Dianne Feinstein discovered this politician’s body after he was shot alongside George Moscone in 1978 by Dan White. For 10 points, name this gay politician who served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.","question_sanitized":"This politician often traveled with Jack Lira, who had been escorted out of his events for drunkenness. The journalist Herb Caen published a column that linked this politician with Oliver Sipple, who thwarted an assassination attempt by grabbing Sara Jane Moore's arm. This politician described cult leader Jim Jones as a \"man of the highest character\" in a letter to Jimmy Carter. This politician's death led to Cornelius Murphy's appointment as Chief of Police following the White Night riots. This politician delivered the \"Hope\" speech while campaigning against the Briggs Initiative. Dianne Feinstein discovered this politician's body after he was shot alongside George Moscone in 1978 by Dan White. For 10 points, name this gay politician who served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.","answer":"Harvey <b><u>Milk</u></b>","answer_sanitized":"Harvey Milk","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:10.326Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","number":11,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd34ebd243472854793b","name":"I - McGill B, UCLA A, Michigan B, Georgia Tech C, Southampton B","number":9},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd35ebd24347285479b7","question":"Valerie Purton argued that a literary “tradition” described by this adjective was continued by Charles Dickens to accentuate his darker or comic scenes. Oliver Goldsmith criticized comedies described by this adjective as “the most easily written” in an essay that contrasts them with “laughing” comedies. A novel whose title contains this adjective ends mid-sentence as the protagonist catches hold of a chambermaid. This adjective describes a popular genre of emotionally expressive novels in the 18th and 19th centuries such as <i>The Man of Feeling</i> and <i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i>. A novel about Parson Yorick’s travels by Laurence Sterne is titled for this type of “Journey.” For 10 points, Gustave Flaubert’s novel about Frédéric Moreau is titled for what sort of “Education”?","question_sanitized":"Valerie Purton argued that a literary \"tradition\" described by this adjective was continued by Charles Dickens to accentuate his darker or comic scenes. Oliver Goldsmith criticized comedies described by this adjective as \"the most easily written\" in an essay that contrasts them with \"laughing\" comedies. A novel whose title contains this adjective ends mid-sentence as the protagonist catches hold of a chambermaid. This adjective describes a popular genre of emotionally expressive novels in the 18th and 19th centuries such as The Man of Feeling and The Vicar of Wakefield. A novel about Parson Yorick's travels by Laurence Sterne is titled for this type of \"Journey.\" For 10 points, Gustave Flaubert's novel about Frederic Moreau is titled for what sort of \"Education\"?","answer":"<b><u>sentimental</u></b> [accept <b><u>sentiment</u></b>; accept <i>Dickens and the</i> <i><b><u>Sentimental</u></b> Tradition</i>; accept <i>A Comparison Between Laughing and</i> <i><b><u>Sentimental</u></b> Comedy</i>; accept <i>A</i> <i><b><u>Sentimental</u></b></i> <i>Journey Through France and Italy</i>; accept <i><b><u>Sentimental</u></b> Education</i>; accept <i>L’éducation</i> <i><b><u>sentimentale</u></b></i>]","answer_sanitized":"sentimental [accept sentiment; accept Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition; accept A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy; accept A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy; accept Sentimental Education; accept L'education sentimentale]","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:11.016Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Misc Literature","number":1,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd35ebd24347285479b6","name":"L - Harvard A, McGill A, Arizona State A, Georgia Tech B, Toronto D, Georgia Tech D","number":12},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd37ebd2434728547a5f","question":"The official Ximen Bao put a stop to a tradition of virginal bridal sacrifices carried out at this location, which was also appeased with jade discs and the occasional live horse. In the <i>Heavenly Questions</i>, it is asked why Hou Yi (“ho yee”) shot an “earl” residing in this location and why he carried off his bride, Luoshen. Messenger birds delivered a map of this location drawn by Houtu to inform a hero to focus his efforts on the east, rather than the west. This location is destroyed by the giant Kuafu during his pursuit of the sun. <i>Xirang</i> (“shee-rong”), a type of magical self-expanding soil, was used by Gun and his son to solve a tragedy involving this location that may have been inspired by ancient outburst at the Jishi Gorge. For 10 points, Yu the Great built canals to end a Great Flood emanating from what second-longest Chinese river?","question_sanitized":"The official Ximen Bao put a stop to a tradition of virginal bridal sacrifices carried out at this location, which was also appeased with jade discs and the occasional live horse. In the Heavenly Questions, it is asked why Hou Yi (\"ho yee\") shot an \"earl\" residing in this location and why he carried off his bride, Luoshen. Messenger birds delivered a map of this location drawn by Houtu to inform a hero to focus his efforts on the east, rather than the west. This location is destroyed by the giant Kuafu during his pursuit of the sun. Xirang (\"shee-rong\"), a type of magical self-expanding soil, was used by Gun and his son to solve a tragedy involving this location that may have been inspired by ancient outburst at the Jishi Gorge. For 10 points, Yu the Great built canals to end a Great Flood emanating from what second-longest Chinese river?","answer":"<b><u>Yellow</u></b> River [or <b><u>Huang</u> </b>He; accept the <b><u>Wei</u></b> River or <b><u>Wèi</u></b> Hé] (The Earl is He-Bo.)","answer_sanitized":"Yellow River [or Huang He; accept the Wei River or Wei He] (The Earl is He-Bo.)","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:11.985Z","category":"Mythology","subcategory":"Mythology","number":5,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd37ebd2434728547a5a","name":"P - Editors 2","number":16},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd37ebd2434728547a88","question":"A piece by this composer for 12-voice choir features pseudo-Sanskrit lyrics such as “Hayo kapritama la li la li la li la ssaréno.” In a symphony by this composer, two clarinets introduce a dissonant theme in which sets of three grace notes land on dotted eighth notes, called the “flower” theme. A “statue” theme begins that symphony by this composer, which the Loriod sisters recorded several times. This composer paired a Quechua-influenced song cycle with a symphony titled for a Sanskrit phrase meaning “time-play” or “love song,” featuring piano and ondes Martenot (“ond mart-NO”). A solo clarinet depicts the “Abyss of the Birds” in a chamber piece this composer wrote for clarinet, violin, cello, and piano. For 10 points, name this French composer of the <i>Turangalîla-Symphonie</i> and <i>Quartet for the End of Time</i>.","question_sanitized":"A piece by this composer for 12-voice choir features pseudo-Sanskrit lyrics such as \"Hayo kapritama la li la li la li la ssareno.\" In a symphony by this composer, two clarinets introduce a dissonant theme in which sets of three grace notes land on dotted eighth notes, called the \"flower\" theme. A \"statue\" theme begins that symphony by this composer, which the Loriod sisters recorded several times. This composer paired a Quechua-influenced song cycle with a symphony titled for a Sanskrit phrase meaning \"time-play\" or \"love song,\" featuring piano and ondes Martenot (\"ond mart-NO\"). A solo clarinet depicts the \"Abyss of the Birds\" in a chamber piece this composer wrote for clarinet, violin, cello, and piano. For 10 points, name this French composer of the Turangalila-Symphonie and Quartet for the End of Time.","answer":"Oliver <b><u>Messiaen</u></b> [or Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles <b><u>Messiaen</u></b>] (The unnamed pieces are <i>Cinq Rechants</i> and <i>Harawi</i>.)","answer_sanitized":"Oliver Messiaen [or Olivier Eugene Prosper Charles Messiaen] (The unnamed pieces are Cinq Rechants and Harawi.)","updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:12.256Z","category":"Fine Arts","subcategory":"Auditory Fine Arts","number":5,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd37ebd2434728547a83","name":"T - Extras_","number":17},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e9598c","question":"A rejection note inspired the title of a play staged at this city’s Gate Theatre that coined its label “strumpet city in the sunset.” In a play set in this city, a Percy Shelley fan argues with his roommate by moonlight after a newsboy reports the death of a man who supposedly went to “catch butterflies.” Plays set in this city’s slums, like <i>The Old</i> <i>Lady Says No!</i> and 1917’s <i>Blight</i>, surpassed the “peasant plays” of a so-called literary “twilight.” Two men sing “Keep the Home Fires Burning” to end a play set in this city whose audience was told “you have disgraced yourselves again.” In a play set in this city’s tenements, Minnie hides a satchel full of bombs to save a poet whom she thinks is a militant in hiding. For 10 points, <i>The Shadow of a Gunman</i> and <i>The Plough and the Stars</i> are entries in a trilogy set in what city by Sean O’Casey?","question_sanitized":"A rejection note inspired the title of a play staged at this city's Gate Theatre that coined its label \"strumpet city in the sunset.\" In a play set in this city, a Percy Shelley fan argues with his roommate by moonlight after a newsboy reports the death of a man who supposedly went to \"catch butterflies.\" Plays set in this city's slums, like The Old Lady Says No! and 1917's Blight, surpassed the \"peasant plays\" of a so-called literary \"twilight.\" Two men sing \"Keep the Home Fires Burning\" to end a play set in this city whose audience was told \"you have disgraced yourselves again.\" In a play set in this city's tenements, Minnie hides a satchel full of bombs to save a poet whom she thinks is a militant in hiding. For 10 points, The Shadow of a Gunman and The Plough and the Stars are entries in a trilogy set in what city by Sean O'Casey?","answer":"<b><u>Dublin</u></b>(James Plunkett took the title for <i>Strumpet City</i> from Denis Johnston’s play <i>The Old Lady says</i> <i>“No!”</i> Oliver St. John Gogarty, the inspiration for Buck Milligan, wrote <i>Blight</i>.)","answer_sanitized":"Dublin(James Plunkett took the title for Strumpet City from Denis Johnston's play The Old Lady says \"No!\" Oliver St. John Gogarty, the inspiration for Buck Milligan, wrote Blight.)","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:10.480Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Drama","number":6,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e95986","name":"B. Prelims 2 - Northwestern A + Virginia Tech + Brown + Penn State","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e95999","question":"One of this poet’s speakers states “A person wants to stand in a happy place, in a poem” while watching a janitor in the Singapore airport clean a restroom. This poet praised Robert Frost’s use of mute consonants in “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” which is examined in this author’s <i>APoetry Handbook</i>. A poem by this author claims, “When it’s over, I want to say: all my life / I was a bride married to amazement.” This poet spent years organizing the papers of Edna St. Vincent Millay at the Steepletop farmhouse. A poem by this author asks “Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?” The speaker of this poet’s most famous poem declares that “You only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves” and “You do not have to be good.” For 10 points, name this American poet of “Wild Geese.”","question_sanitized":"One of this poet's speakers states \"A person wants to stand in a happy place, in a poem\" while watching a janitor in the Singapore airport clean a restroom. This poet praised Robert Frost's use of mute consonants in \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,\" which is examined in this author's APoetry Handbook. A poem by this author claims, \"When it's over, I want to say: all my life / I was a bride married to amazement.\" This poet spent years organizing the papers of Edna St. Vincent Millay at the Steepletop farmhouse. A poem by this author asks \"Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?\" The speaker of this poet's most famous poem declares that \"You only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves\" and \"You do not have to be good.\" For 10 points, name this American poet of \"Wild Geese.\"","answer":"Mary <b><u>Oliver</u></b> [or Mary Jane <b><u>Oliver</u></b>] (The poems are “When Death Comes” and “The Summer Day.”)","answer_sanitized":"Mary Oliver [or Mary Jane Oliver] (The poems are \"When Death Comes\" and \"The Summer Day.\")","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:10.482Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"American Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Poetry","number":19,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e95986","name":"B. Prelims 2 - Northwestern A + Virginia Tech + Brown + Penn State","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959eb","question":"One of these proteins with FMN present in its LOV (“L-O-V”) domain is called iLOV (“eye-L-O-V”). One of these proteins, called UnaG, derived from Japanese eels, binds to the endo-vinyl dipyrrinone of an endogenous ligand. One of these proteins derived from the alpha-allophycocyanin of <i>Trichodesmium erythraeum</i> covalently binds biliverdin. During maturation, a domain in one of these proteins undergoes torsional rearrangements before cyclization and oxidation, which is sped up in its superfolder variant. Hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct of the auto-oxidation of these proteins to form an HBI moiety from a S65–Y66–G67 motif in the middle of an 11-strand beta-barrel. Roger Tsien engineered one of these proteins that was originally isolated by Osamu Shimomura. For 10 points, name these proteins frequently used as reporters, which were originally discovered in jellyfish.","question_sanitized":"One of these proteins with FMN present in its LOV (\"L-O-V\") domain is called iLOV (\"eye-L-O-V\"). One of these proteins, called UnaG, derived from Japanese eels, binds to the endo-vinyl dipyrrinone of an endogenous ligand. One of these proteins derived from the alpha-allophycocyanin of Trichodesmium erythraeum covalently binds biliverdin. During maturation, a domain in one of these proteins undergoes torsional rearrangements before cyclization and oxidation, which is sped up in its superfolder variant. Hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct of the auto-oxidation of these proteins to form an HBI moiety from a S65-Y66-G67 motif in the middle of an 11-strand beta-barrel. Roger Tsien engineered one of these proteins that was originally isolated by Osamu Shimomura. For 10 points, name these proteins frequently used as reporters, which were originally discovered in jellyfish.","answer":"<b><u>fluorescent</u></b> proteins [or <b><u>FP</u></b>; accept G<b><u>FP</u></b>, Y<b><u>FP</u></b>, C<b><u>FP</u></b>, R<b><u>FP</u></b>, <b><u>dsRed</u></b>, smUR<b><u>FP</u></b>; accept superfolder G<b><u>FP</u> </b>or enhanced <b><u>GFP</u></b> or E<b><u>GFP</u></b>; prompt on descriptions of proteins that <u>glow</u> or emit <u>light</u> or emit <u>photon</u>s]","answer_sanitized":"fluorescent proteins [or FP; accept GFP, YFP, CFP, RFP, dsRed, smURFP; accept superfolder GFP or enhanced GFP or EGFP; prompt on descriptions of proteins that glow or emit light or emit photons]","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.077Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Biology","number":19,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959d8","name":"D. Prelims 4 - Toronto B + Harvard + Michigan + Minnesota","number":4},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a32","question":"<i>Description acceptable.</i> George Orwell reads this group’s use of “exhortation” as showing pacificism’s totalitarian tendency in the essay “Politics vs. Literature.” A general assembly of this group argues for exterminating a most “filthy, noisome, and deformed” species of animal, leading another to instead argue for the novel technique of castration. A character whom the narrator calls “my master” teaches him this group’s language, which is similar to High Dutch and lacks a word for “falsehood.” After being banished by this group, that narrator fashions a canoe out of skin and finds himself unable to stand the smell of his wife. This group bases its society on reason and disdains fighting over “shining stones,” unlike the brutish Yahoos. For 10 points, what intelligent quadripeds are visited in the final voyage of a satire by Jonathan Swift?","question_sanitized":"Description acceptable. George Orwell reads this group's use of \"exhortation\" as showing pacificism's totalitarian tendency in the essay \"Politics vs. Literature.\" A general assembly of this group argues for exterminating a most \"filthy, noisome, and deformed\" species of animal, leading another to instead argue for the novel technique of castration. A character whom the narrator calls \"my master\" teaches him this group's language, which is similar to High Dutch and lacks a word for \"falsehood.\" After being banished by this group, that narrator fashions a canoe out of skin and finds himself unable to stand the smell of his wife. This group bases its society on reason and disdains fighting over \"shining stones,\" unlike the brutish Yahoos. For 10 points, what intelligent quadripeds are visited in the final voyage of a satire by Jonathan Swift?","answer":"<b><u>Houyhnhnm</u></b>s (“WIN-imz”) [accept descriptions of the intelligent <b><u>horse</u></b>s in <i><b><u>Gulliver’s Travels</u></b></i>; accept <b><u>Houyhnhnm</u></b> pronounced as a horse whinny; accept <b><u>equine</u></b>s in place of “horses”; prompt on <u>horse</u>s or <u>equine</u>s by asking “in what work?”]","answer_sanitized":"Houyhnhnms (\"WIN-imz\") [accept descriptions of the intelligent horses in Gulliver's Travels; accept Houyhnhnm pronounced as a horse whinny; accept equines in place of \"horses\"; prompt on horses or equines by asking \"in what work?\"]","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.683Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Misc Literature","number":8,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a2a","name":"F. Prelims 6 - Texas + North Carolina + British Columbia","number":6},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a5f","question":"In this play, a man who brags about Big Front Door cigarettes confuses the names of an opera singer and chess champion. Near the end of this play, the stage darkens as seven actors deliver overlapping lines questioning whether it is easier to be a comic or tragic actor. A girl in this play despairs over missing her first date “at seven fifteen, in front of the park entrance.” Another character in this play yearns for the taste of yogurt and leans on a rail to look tough. That character in this play fights an entrance-exam hopeful who flashcards the words pig, desk, and dog. Upon the reemergence of the Silent Man, this play concludes as characters like Glasses, Hothead, and Director Ma decide to walk to the city. For 10 points, characters miss many vehicles while waiting for years at the title location of what play by Gāo Xíngjiàn?","question_sanitized":"In this play, a man who brags about Big Front Door cigarettes confuses the names of an opera singer and chess champion. Near the end of this play, the stage darkens as seven actors deliver overlapping lines questioning whether it is easier to be a comic or tragic actor. A girl in this play despairs over missing her first date \"at seven fifteen, in front of the park entrance.\" Another character in this play yearns for the taste of yogurt and leans on a rail to look tough. That character in this play fights an entrance-exam hopeful who flashcards the words pig, desk, and dog. Upon the reemergence of the Silent Man, this play concludes as characters like Glasses, Hothead, and Director Ma decide to walk to the city. For 10 points, characters miss many vehicles while waiting for years at the title location of what play by Gao Xingjian?","answer":"<i>The</i> <i><b><u>Bus Stop</u></b></i> [or <i><b><u>Chēzhàn</u></b></i>]","answer_sanitized":"The Bus Stop [or Chezhan]","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.982Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"World Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Drama","number":12,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a53","name":"G. Prelims 7 - Georgia Tech A + Berkeley A + Bruin + Georgetown","number":7},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc0a8d8a47437e95ade","question":"This title person writes to his brother “I have things to do, all in my own way” in a Brendan Kennelly collection structured as a nightmare. A poet’s only rhyming end couplet for a sonnet tells this person “Help us to save free conscience from the paw / of hireling wolves.” The speaker remarks “’Tis time to leave the books in dust” in a poem in which this person is said to have “urged his active star.” A poet apologized for mourning this person in the <i>Heroic</i> <i>Stanzas</i> in his later poem <i>Astraea Redux</i>. This person is compared to “three-fork’d lightning” in a poem that, despite its title, takes a Pindaric public subject. This “restless” person “could not cease / In the inglorious arts of peace” in that “Horatian Ode” by Andrew Marvell. For 10 points, name this leader opposed by the Cavalier poets during the English Civil War.","question_sanitized":"This title person writes to his brother \"I have things to do, all in my own way\" in a Brendan Kennelly collection structured as a nightmare. A poet's only rhyming end couplet for a sonnet tells this person \"Help us to save free conscience from the paw / of hireling wolves.\" The speaker remarks \"'Tis time to leave the books in dust\" in a poem in which this person is said to have \"urged his active star.\" A poet apologized for mourning this person in the Heroic Stanzas in his later poem Astraea Redux. This person is compared to \"three-fork'd lightning\" in a poem that, despite its title, takes a Pindaric public subject. This \"restless\" person \"could not cease / In the inglorious arts of peace\" in that \"Horatian Ode\" by Andrew Marvell. For 10 points, name this leader opposed by the Cavalier poets during the English Civil War.","answer":"Oliver <b><u>Cromwell</u></b> [accept <i><b><u>Cromwell</u></b>: A poem</i>] (The <i>Heroic Stanzas</i> and <i>Astraea Redux</i> are both by John Dryden. John Milton’s Sonnet XVI is “To the Lord General Cromwell, May 1652.”)","answer_sanitized":"Oliver Cromwell [accept Cromwell: A poem] (The Heroic Stanzas and Astraea Redux are both by John Dryden. John Milton's Sonnet XVI is \"To the Lord General Cromwell, May 1652.\")","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:12.893Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Poetry","number":16,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc0a8d8a47437e95ace","name":"J. Playoffs 1 (Editors 1)","number":10},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc1a8d8a47437e95b07","question":"In <i>The Taming of the Shrew</i>, Tranio suggests that the suitors be like these people and “strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.” Before Yorick, two skulls that Hamlet thinks belong to a courtier and one of these people are turned up by the gravediggers, who begin the scene by mimicking these people. The first performances of <i>Gorboduc</i> and <i>The Comedy of Errors</i> were in front of these people at their annual Christmas “revels.” A man with this job named Bellario writes a letter introducing his cousin as a young person with this job, who then calls a concept “mightiest in the mightiest” and “twice blest.” After Jack Cade promises to abolish money, Dick the Butcher suggests “The first thing we do, let’s kill all” people with this job. For 10 points, Portia delivers the “quality of mercy” speech in disguise as a member of what profession?","question_sanitized":"In The Taming of the Shrew, Tranio suggests that the suitors be like these people and \"strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.\" Before Yorick, two skulls that Hamlet thinks belong to a courtier and one of these people are turned up by the gravediggers, who begin the scene by mimicking these people. The first performances of Gorboduc and The Comedy of Errors were in front of these people at their annual Christmas \"revels.\" A man with this job named Bellario writes a letter introducing his cousin as a young person with this job, who then calls a concept \"mightiest in the mightiest\" and \"twice blest.\" After Jack Cade promises to abolish money, Dick the Butcher suggests \"The first thing we do, let's kill all\" people with this job. For 10 points, Portia delivers the \"quality of mercy\" speech in disguise as a member of what profession?","answer":"<b><u>lawyer</u></b>s [or <b><u>barrister</u></b>s, <b><u>attorney</u></b>s, or <b><u>solicitor</u></b>s; accept <b><u>judge</u></b>s; accept <b><u>lawstudent</u></b>s; accept <b><u>doctor</u></b> of <b><u>law</u></b>s; accept “<b><u>adversaries in law</u></b>”; prompt on <u>student</u>s or <u>doctor</u>s by asking “in what discipline?”]","answer_sanitized":"lawyers [or barristers, attorneys, or solicitors; accept judges; accept lawstudents; accept doctor of laws; accept \"adversaries in law\"; prompt on students or doctors by asking \"in what discipline?\"]","updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:13.231Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"British Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Drama","number":16,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc1a8d8a47437e95af7","name":"K. Playoffs 2 (Editors 2)","number":11},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}}]},"bonuses":{"count":2810,"questionArray":[{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85e4","leadin":"Jean Sibelius’ only piece in this genre opens with pulsating pianissimo strings playing a D minor chord. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Jean Sibelius' only piece in this genre opens with pulsating pianissimo strings playing a D minor chord. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this genre of orchestral piece which features a soloist playing the highest string instrument.","This composer’s D major violin concerto contains a slow <i>canzonetta</i> second movement. In an argument with this composer of the <i>Romeo and Juliet Fantasy-Overture</i>, Arthur Rubinstein described his B flat minor first piano concerto as “worthless and unplayable”.","This modern American violinist made a 2010 recording of Tchaikovsky’s violin concerto with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. In that same recording, this violinist also premiered Jennifer Higdon’s violin concerto."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this genre of orchestral piece which features a soloist playing the highest string instrument.","This composer's D major violin concerto contains a slow canzonetta second movement. In an argument with this composer of the Romeo and Juliet Fantasy-Overture, Arthur Rubinstein described his B flat minor first piano concerto as \"worthless and unplayable\".","This modern American violinist made a 2010 recording of Tchaikovsky's violin concerto with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. In that same recording, this violinist also premiered Jennifer Higdon's violin concerto."],"answers":["<b><u>violin concerto</u></b> [prompt on <u>concerto</u> by asking “for what instrument?”]","Pyotr Ilyich <b><u>Tchaikovsky</u></b>","Hilary <b><u>Hahn</u> </b>"],"answers_sanitized":["violin concerto [prompt on concerto by asking \"for what instrument?\"]","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Hilary Hahn"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:11.691Z","category":"Fine Arts","subcategory":"Auditory Fine Arts","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["e","m","h"],"number":9,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c5","name":"2","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85ef","leadin":"A two word phrase is painted on a memorial near Aberystwyth to <i>remember</i> the flooding of this valley. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"A two word phrase is painted on a memorial near Aberystwyth to remember the flooding of this valley. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this valley in North Wales. Before the creation of this valley’s namesake reservoir, it contained the Welsh-speaking community of Capel Celyn (“CAP-ull KELL-in”).","The Tryweryn valley was flooded to create a supply of water for this English city, as well as for the Wirral and nearby River Mersey.","An additional line was added to the Cofiwch (“COV-ee-ukh”) Tryweryn memorial in 2017 in memory of a disaster which happened in this village in the South Wales Valleys. That 1966 disaster in this village was caused by a spoil tip managed by the National Coal Board."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this valley in North Wales. Before the creation of this valley's namesake reservoir, it contained the Welsh-speaking community of Capel Celyn (\"CAP-ull KELL-in\").","The Tryweryn valley was flooded to create a supply of water for this English city, as well as for the Wirral and nearby River Mersey.","An additional line was added to the Cofiwch (\"COV-ee-ukh\") Tryweryn memorial in 2017 in memory of a disaster which happened in this village in the South Wales Valleys. That 1966 disaster in this village was caused by a spoil tip managed by the National Coal Board."],"answers":["<b><u>Tryweryn</u></b> (“TRUH-weh-rin”) [accept Afon <b><u>Tryweryn</u></b>, accept <b><u>Tryweryn</u></b> flooding or drowning, accept Boddi <b><u>Tryweryn</u></b>]","<b><u>Liverpool</u></b> [or <b><u>Lerwpl</u></b>]","<b><u>Aberfan</u></b> (“Aber-VAN”) [accept <b><u>Aberfan</u></b> disaster or Trychineb <b><u>Aberfan</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["Tryweryn (\"TRUH-weh-rin\") [accept Afon Tryweryn, accept Tryweryn flooding or drowning, accept Boddi Tryweryn]","Liverpool [or Lerwpl]","Aberfan (\"Aber-VAN\") [accept Aberfan disaster or Trychineb Aberfan]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T22:45:11.691Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":20,"difficulty":7,"packet":{"_id":"69fe6777e2442def495d85c5","name":"2","number":2},"set":{"_id":"69fe6774e2442def495d8597","name":"2026 UK Varsities","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd32ebd243472854783f","leadin":"Bentley cars are manufactured in this county’s town of Crewe, where hundreds still work at the Crewe Works rail facility despite a decline in industry. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Bentley cars are manufactured in this county's town of Crewe, where hundreds still work at the Crewe Works rail facility despite a decline in industry. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this ceremonial county, whose Golden Triangle of Prestbury, Wilmslow, and Alderley Edge is known as the Footballers’ Belt due to the high number of Premier League players living there.","The traditional northern boundary of Cheshire was marked by this river, which widens dramatically west of Warrington. The Wirral Peninsula east of Wales is bordered by both the River Dee and this river.","The Mersey enters the Irish Sea at this port city, which lies across the river from Birkenhead. The historic Lime Street station is in this city, which is home to Penny Lane."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this ceremonial county, whose Golden Triangle of Prestbury, Wilmslow, and Alderley Edge is known as the Footballers' Belt due to the high number of Premier League players living there.","The traditional northern boundary of Cheshire was marked by this river, which widens dramatically west of Warrington. The Wirral Peninsula east of Wales is bordered by both the River Dee and this river.","The Mersey enters the Irish Sea at this port city, which lies across the river from Birkenhead. The historic Lime Street station is in this city, which is home to Penny Lane."],"answers":["<b><u>Cheshire</u></b>","River <b><u>Mersey</u></b>","<b><u>Liverpool</u></b>"],"answers_sanitized":["Cheshire","River Mersey","Liverpool"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:08.027Z","category":"Geography","subcategory":"Geography","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","m","e"],"number":15,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd243472854781c","name":"B - Queens A, UCLA B, Edinburgh B, St. Georges A, Oxford B","number":2},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd33ebd2434728547864","leadin":"The last ruler of this state, Joscelin II, failed to retake it after the assassination of Imad al-Din Zengi by an enslaved European named Yarankash. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The last ruler of this state, Joscelin II, failed to retake it after the assassination of Imad al-Din Zengi by an enslaved European named Yarankash. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this state whose conquest by the Seljuks in 1144 prompted Bernard of Clairvaux to deliver a Palm Sunday sermon at Vézelay calling for what became the Second Crusade.","Bernard’s audience at Vézelay included this queen, the niece of the prince of Antioch Raymond of Poitiers. This woman accompanied her husband to the Holy Land, but divorced him shortly after their return.","Forty years later, the Third Crusade was led partly by this son of Eleanor of Aquitaine. This king of England defeated Saladin at the Battle of Jaffa but was captured and held for ransom by Leopold of Austria on his way home."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this state whose conquest by the Seljuks in 1144 prompted Bernard of Clairvaux to deliver a Palm Sunday sermon at Vezelay calling for what became the Second Crusade.","Bernard's audience at Vezelay included this queen, the niece of the prince of Antioch Raymond of Poitiers. This woman accompanied her husband to the Holy Land, but divorced him shortly after their return.","Forty years later, the Third Crusade was led partly by this son of Eleanor of Aquitaine. This king of England defeated Saladin at the Battle of Jaffa but was captured and held for ransom by Leopold of Austria on his way home."],"answers":["County of <b><u>Edessa</u></b>","<b><u>Eleanor</u></b> of <b><u>Aquitaine</u></b> [prompt on <u>Eleanor</u>]","<b><u>Richard I</u></b> [or <b><u>Richard</u></b> the <b><u>Lionheart</u></b>; or <b><u>Richard Coeur de Lion</u></b>; prompt on <u>Richard</u>]"],"answers_sanitized":["County of Edessa","Eleanor of Aquitaine [prompt on Eleanor]","Richard I [or Richard the Lionheart; or Richard Coeur de Lion; prompt on Richard]"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:08.403Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","m","e"],"number":11,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd33ebd2434728547845","name":"C - Virginia Tech A, Waterloo A, UCSD A, UBC A","number":3},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd34ebd2434728547900","leadin":"<i>Description acceptable.</i> A co-conspirator of this plot named James Wilkinson received a ciphered letter that betrayed it, which he then delivered to the president. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Description acceptable. A co-conspirator of this plot named James Wilkinson received a ciphered letter that betrayed it, which he then delivered to the president. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name or describe this plot in which a politician was assisted by planters in an attempt to establish a country in Spanish Texas. This plot’s leader was acquitted because he was found not to have committed an “act of war.”","The conspiracy began while Burr served as vice president under this president before he was replaced by George Clinton in 1805. This president earlier served as the first Secretary of State.","To assist with his plans, Burr contacted Anthony Merry, who later served as British Minister to this country. The first log cabins in the US were constructed by settlers from this country."],"parts_sanitized":["Name or describe this plot in which a politician was assisted by planters in an attempt to establish a country in Spanish Texas. This plot's leader was acquitted because he was found not to have committed an \"act of war.\"","The conspiracy began while Burr served as vice president under this president before he was replaced by George Clinton in 1805. This president earlier served as the first Secretary of State.","To assist with his plans, Burr contacted Anthony Merry, who later served as British Minister to this country. The first log cabins in the US were constructed by settlers from this country."],"answers":["<b><u>Burr</u></b> conspiracy [accept answers indicating Aaron <b><u>Burr</u></b>’s plot to overthrow the government or <b><u>Burr</u></b>’s plot to create an empire]","Thomas <b><u>Jefferson</u></b>","<b><u>Sweden</u></b> [or <b><u>Sverige</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["Burr conspiracy [accept answers indicating Aaron Burr's plot to overthrow the government or Burr's plot to create an empire]","Thomas Jefferson","Sweden [or Sverige]"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:09.848Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":3,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd34ebd24347285478e9","name":"G - McMaster A, Notre Dame C, Rutgers A, NYU A","number":7},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd34ebd2434728547937","leadin":"An octagonal-shaped building inspired by Andrea del Verrocchio appears in the background of several of this artist’s works, as seen in <i>Marriage of the Virgin</i>. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"An octagonal-shaped building inspired by Andrea del Verrocchio appears in the background of several of this artist's works, as seen in Marriage of the Virgin. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this artist from the Umbrian school. This teacher of Raphael portrayed St. Peter in front of the Temple of Solomon in the painting <i>Delivery of the Keys</i>.","The <i>Delivery of the Keys</i> appears in this building in Vatican City. Other frescos in this building include Michelangelo’s <i>The Last Judgment</i>.","The southern wall of the Sistine Chapel contains this fresco that has been attributed to Cosimo Rosselli. In this fresco, a storm hovers over drowning soldiers who are separated from the figures on the left by a pillar of fire."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this artist from the Umbrian school. This teacher of Raphael portrayed St. Peter in front of the Temple of Solomon in the painting Delivery of the Keys.","The Delivery of the Keys appears in this building in Vatican City. Other frescos in this building include Michelangelo's The Last Judgment.","The southern wall of the Sistine Chapel contains this fresco that has been attributed to Cosimo Rosselli. In this fresco, a storm hovers over drowning soldiers who are separated from the figures on the left by a pillar of fire."],"answers":["Pietro <b><u>Perugino</u></b> [or Pietro <b><u>Vannucci</u></b>]","<b><u>Sistine</u></b> Chapel [or Sacellum <b><u>Sixtinum</u></b> or Cappella <b><u>Sistina</u></b>]","<i>The</i> <i><b><u>Crossing of the Red Sea</u></b></i>"],"answers_sanitized":["Pietro Perugino [or Pietro Vannucci]","Sistine Chapel [or Sacellum Sixtinum or Cappella Sistina]","The Crossing of the Red Sea"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:10.102Z","category":"Fine Arts","subcategory":"Visual Fine Arts","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":17,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd34ebd2434728547912","name":"H - Yale A, Ohio State C, Illinois C, Virginia Tech B, MIT A","number":8},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd35ebd2434728547953","leadin":"This academic criticized Ernst Nolte’s views on the Holocaust in the Historian’s Quarrel. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"This academic criticized Ernst Nolte's views on the Holocaust in the Historian's Quarrel. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this academic who earned his habilitation with a book that traced the replacement of representative publicity by rational-critical debate in London coffeehouses, Parisian <i>salons</i>, and German “table societies.”","Later scholars have applied Habermas’s theory of the public sphere to the coffeehouse culture of this city. The writer Peter Altenberg had his mail delivered to the Café Central in this Habsburg capital.","During his time in Vienna, this man was dismissively referred to as “Mr. Bronstein, sitting over there in the Café Central.” This man adopted one of his pen names, Antid Oto, by choosing a random word from an Italian dictionary."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this academic who earned his habilitation with a book that traced the replacement of representative publicity by rational-critical debate in London coffeehouses, Parisian salons, and German \"table societies.\"","Later scholars have applied Habermas's theory of the public sphere to the coffeehouse culture of this city. The writer Peter Altenberg had his mail delivered to the Cafe Central in this Habsburg capital.","During his time in Vienna, this man was dismissively referred to as \"Mr. Bronstein, sitting over there in the Cafe Central.\" This man adopted one of his pen names, Antid Oto, by choosing a random word from an Italian dictionary."],"answers":["Jürgen <b><u>Habermas</u></b>","<b><u>Vienna</u></b> [or <b><u>Wien</u></b>]","Leon <b><u>Trotsky</u></b> [or Lev Davidovich <b><u>Trotsky</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["Jurgen Habermas","Vienna [or Wien]","Leon Trotsky [or Lev Davidovich Trotsky]"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:10.367Z","category":"History","subcategory":"European History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":4,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd34ebd243472854793b","name":"I - McGill B, UCLA A, Michigan B, Georgia Tech C, Southampton B","number":9},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"697ffd35ebd24347285479b3","leadin":"The 6-carboxy modified derivative of this compound is microinjected into liposomes to track drug delivery. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The 6-carboxy modified derivative of this compound is microinjected into liposomes to track drug delivery. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this xanthine-based compound, whose isothiocyanate-functionalized derivative is commonly used to label cells green in flow cytometry. Brominating this compound generates the eosin Y stain used in Pap smear tests.","Fluorescein derivatives like Alexa Fluor 488 are widely used in super-resolution microscopy to study systems limited by this phenomenon, which occurs when X-rays interact with crystalline structures according to Bragg’s law.","Alexa dyes are also used in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the rate of this process for cell membranes. Coefficients for this process are generally lower in lipid rafts due to better lipid packing."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this xanthine-based compound, whose isothiocyanate-functionalized derivative is commonly used to label cells green in flow cytometry. Brominating this compound generates the eosin Y stain used in Pap smear tests.","Fluorescein derivatives like Alexa Fluor 488 are widely used in super-resolution microscopy to study systems limited by this phenomenon, which occurs when X-rays interact with crystalline structures according to Bragg's law.","Alexa dyes are also used in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the rate of this process for cell membranes. Coefficients for this process are generally lower in lipid rafts due to better lipid packing."],"answers":["<b><u>fluorescein</u></b> [accept <b><u>6-carboxyfluorescein</u></b> or <b><u>6-FAM</u></b>; accept <b><u>fluorescein</u></b> isothiocyanate or <b><u>FITC</u></b>]","<b><u>diffraction</u></b> [accept <b><u>diffraction</u></b> limit or <b><u>diffraction</u></b>-limited system; accept Abbe <b><u>diffraction</u></b>; accept X-ray <b><u>diffraction</u></b>; prompt on <u>interference</u>]","<b><u>diffusion</u></b> [accept <b><u>diffusivity</u></b>; accept <b><u>diffusion coefficient</u></b> or <b><u>D</u></b>; accept <b><u>Brownian motion</u></b>; prompt on lateral <u>motion</u> or <u>movement</u>; prompt on mass <u>transport</u>]"],"answers_sanitized":["fluorescein [accept 6-carboxyfluorescein or 6-FAM; accept fluorescein isothiocyanate or FITC]","diffraction [accept diffraction limit or diffraction-limited system; accept Abbe diffraction; accept X-ray diffraction; prompt on interference]","diffusion [accept diffusivity; accept diffusion coefficient or D; accept Brownian motion; prompt on lateral motion or movement; prompt on mass transport]"],"updatedAt":"2026-02-05T01:44:10.802Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Chemistry","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":18,"difficulty":8,"packet":{"_id":"697ffd35ebd243472854798d","name":"K - UCF A, Notre Dame B, Durham A, Michigan State A, Swarthmore A, Cambridge B","number":11},"set":{"_id":"697ffd32ebd24347285477f2","name":"2026 ACF Regionals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e95974","leadin":"This group successfully influenced the passage of one of the first patient’s bills of rights after taking over the Lincoln Hospital in 1970. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"This group successfully influenced the passage of one of the first patient's bills of rights after taking over the Lincoln Hospital in 1970. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this group that created barricades and threw trash onto the streets in protest during their 1969 “Garbage Offensive.”","A 1968 sanitation workers’ strike was prolonged by mayor John Lindsay’s conflicts with this governor, who seized state control of the sanitation department to end it. The McKay Commission criticized this governor’s decision to send state police in to end a hostage situation.","The deaths of Echol Cole and Robert Walker prompted a massive 1968 sanitation strike in this city, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this group that created barricades and threw trash onto the streets in protest during their 1969 \"Garbage Offensive.\"","A 1968 sanitation workers' strike was prolonged by mayor John Lindsay's conflicts with this governor, who seized state control of the sanitation department to end it. The McKay Commission criticized this governor's decision to send state police in to end a hostage situation.","The deaths of Echol Cole and Robert Walker prompted a massive 1968 sanitation strike in this city, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his \"I've Been to the Mountaintop\" speech."],"answers":["<b><u>Young Lords</u></b> [or <b><u>Young Lords</u></b> Organization; or <b><u>YLO</u></b>]","Nelson <b><u>Rockefeller</u></b>(That hostage situation was part of the Attica Prison riot.)","<b><u>Memphis</u> </b>"],"answers_sanitized":["Young Lords [or Young Lords Organization; or YLO]","Nelson Rockefeller(That hostage situation was part of the Attica Prison riot.)","Memphis"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:10.174Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","m","e"],"number":3,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e9595d","name":"A. Prelims 1 - Waterloo + Toronto A + Georgia Tech B","number":1},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e959cf","leadin":"The John Birch Society opposed this event, claiming that it was a plot to secretly celebrate the anniversary of Lenin’s birth. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The John Birch Society opposed this event, claiming that it was a plot to secretly celebrate the anniversary of Lenin's birth. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this annual event, whose 1970 establishment was spurred on by the efforts of Gaylord Nelson and many “environmental teach-ins.”","The group ENACT organized a 1970 “environmental teach-in” at this university that put a car on trial. A speech delivered at this university described a place “where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.”","For the first Earth Day, cartoonist Walt Kelly created a poster modifying a phrase beginning with these words to say “he is us.” These five words begin a report to William Henry Harrison after the defeat of Robert Barclay."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this annual event, whose 1970 establishment was spurred on by the efforts of Gaylord Nelson and many \"environmental teach-ins.\"","The group ENACT organized a 1970 \"environmental teach-in\" at this university that put a car on trial. A speech delivered at this university described a place \"where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.\"","For the first Earth Day, cartoonist Walt Kelly created a poster modifying a phrase beginning with these words to say \"he is us.\" These five words begin a report to William Henry Harrison after the defeat of Robert Barclay."],"answers":["<b><u>Earth Day</u> </b>","University of <b><u>Michigan</u></b> [accept <b><u>UMich</u></b>] (The speech is Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” speech.)","“<b><u>We have met the enemy</u></b>” [accept “<b><u>We have met the enemy</u></b> and they are ours”; accept “<b><u>We have met</u></b> <b><u>the enemy</u></b> and he is us”] (The report is from Oliver Hazard Perry following his victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.)"],"answers_sanitized":["Earth Day","University of Michigan [accept UMich] (The speech is Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Great Society\" speech.)","\"We have met the enemy\" [accept \"We have met the enemy and they are ours\"; accept \"We have met the enemy and he is us\"] (The report is from Oliver Hazard Perry following his victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.)"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:10.837Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["e","h","m"],"number":12,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbea8d8a47437e959af","name":"C. Prelims 3 - Cambridge + UCLA + Stanford B + Virginia","number":3},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959f1","leadin":"They’re not micelles, but drugs encased in these structures are PEGylated (“PEG-uh-lated”)to allow permeation of the blood–brain barrier. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"They're not micelles, but drugs encased in these structures are PEGylated (\"PEG-uh-lated\")to allow permeation of the blood-brain barrier. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name these structures whose diameter is about 9 orders of magnitude smaller than a meter.","In 2011, Sotiriou et al. coated these nanoparticles in silica to make them biocompatible for drug delivery. These nanoparticles, which are used to stabilize Pickering emulsions, have unique surface chemistry that allow them to undergo two different reactions at once.","In drug discovery, this assay can measure the binding efficiency and thin-film thickness of an adsorbed nanoparticle. This assay is named for an effect in which light excites electrons on a metal sheet, where binding of the analyte causes a change in refractive index."],"parts_sanitized":["Name these structures whose diameter is about 9 orders of magnitude smaller than a meter.","In 2011, Sotiriou et al. coated these nanoparticles in silica to make them biocompatible for drug delivery. These nanoparticles, which are used to stabilize Pickering emulsions, have unique surface chemistry that allow them to undergo two different reactions at once.","In drug discovery, this assay can measure the binding efficiency and thin-film thickness of an adsorbed nanoparticle. This assay is named for an effect in which light excites electrons on a metal sheet, where binding of the analyte causes a change in refractive index."],"answers":["<b><u>nanoparticle</u></b>s [accept lipid <b><u>nanoparticle</u></b>s]","<b><u>Janus</u></b> particles [accept <b><u>Janus</u></b>-like particles]","<b><u>surface plasmon resonance</u></b> assay [or <b><u>SPR</u></b>; accept localized <b><u>surface plasmon resonance</u></b> or multiparametric <b><u>surface plasmon resonance</u></b> or L<b><u>SPR</u></b> or MP-<b><u>SPR</u></b>; prompt on <u>resonance</u> or <u>surface resonance</u>]"],"answers_sanitized":["nanoparticles [accept lipid nanoparticles]","Janus particles [accept Janus-like particles]","surface plasmon resonance assay [or SPR; accept localized surface plasmon resonance or multiparametric surface plasmon resonance or LSPR or MP-SPR; prompt on resonance or surface resonance]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.099Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Chemistry","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["e","h","m"],"number":5,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959d8","name":"D. Prelims 4 - Toronto B + Harvard + Michigan + Minnesota","number":4},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959f7","leadin":"In his “Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” this man claimed that the patent system “added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius.” For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"In his \"Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,\" this man claimed that the patent system \"added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius.\" For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this man who was inspired by the grounding of the steamboat <i>Canada</i> to patent an invention that buoys vessels over shoals.","Lincoln delivered his lectures on “Discoveries and Inventions” while campaigning against this politician, who outlined his “Freeport Doctrine” in one of seven debates against Lincoln.","John Henry Manny initially hired Lincoln, then replaced him with Edwin Stanton, to deliver the closing statement in a patent case centered on this device. The inventor of this device founded a company that eventually developed into the IHC."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this man who was inspired by the grounding of the steamboat Canada to patent an invention that buoys vessels over shoals.","Lincoln delivered his lectures on \"Discoveries and Inventions\" while campaigning against this politician, who outlined his \"Freeport Doctrine\" in one of seven debates against Lincoln.","John Henry Manny initially hired Lincoln, then replaced him with Edwin Stanton, to deliver the closing statement in a patent case centered on this device. The inventor of this device founded a company that eventually developed into the IHC."],"answers":["Abraham <b><u>Lincoln</u> </b>","Stephen <b><u>Douglas</u></b> [or Stephen Arnold <b><u>Douglas</u></b>; accept the Lincoln–<b><u>Douglas</u></b> debates]","mechanical <b><u>reaper</u></b> [or <b><u>reaping</u></b> machine] (The inventor of the reaper was Cyrus McCormick.)"],"answers_sanitized":["Abraham Lincoln","Stephen Douglas [or Stephen Arnold Douglas; accept the Lincoln-Douglas debates]","mechanical reaper [or reaping machine] (The inventor of the reaper was Cyrus McCormick.)"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.100Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":11,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e959d8","name":"D. Prelims 4 - Toronto B + Harvard + Michigan + Minnesota","number":4},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a45","leadin":"CELSR1 is an atypical one of these proteins, whose E-type binds to beta-catenin via their cytoplasmic tails. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"CELSR1 is an atypical one of these proteins, whose E-type binds to beta-catenin via their cytoplasmic tails. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name these type-1 transmembrane proteins that rely on a certain element for their function. These proteins’ desmosomal type include desmogleins (“DEZ-mo-gleens”), which are targeted in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris.","Extracellular binding domains for this element allow cadherins to maintain cytoskeletal structure. This element’s divalent cation is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.","Expression of E-cadherin and nectin-2-alpha leads to the recruitment of this complex to cell junctions in fibroblasts. This complex is responsible for regulating vesicle delivery."],"parts_sanitized":["Name these type-1 transmembrane proteins that rely on a certain element for their function. These proteins' desmosomal type include desmogleins (\"DEZ-mo-gleens\"), which are targeted in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris.","Extracellular binding domains for this element allow cadherins to maintain cytoskeletal structure. This element's divalent cation is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.","Expression of E-cadherin and nectin-2-alpha leads to the recruitment of this complex to cell junctions in fibroblasts. This complex is responsible for regulating vesicle delivery."],"answers":["<b><u>cadherin</u></b>s","<b><u>calcium</u></b> [or <b><u>Ca</u></b>; accept <b><u>Ca</u></b>2+ or divalent <b><u>calcium</u></b>]","<b><u>sec6/8</u></b> complex [or <b><u>exocyst</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["cadherins","calcium [or Ca; accept Ca2+ or divalent calcium]","sec6/8 complex [or exocyst]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:11.721Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Biology","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":7,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccbfa8d8a47437e95a2a","name":"F. Prelims 6 - Texas + North Carolina + British Columbia","number":6},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc2a8d8a47437e95b98","leadin":"Oliver Wendell Holmes’s “prediction theory” of the law is underpinned by this school of thought, which is caricatured as arguing that law is determined by “what the judge had for breakfast.” For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Oliver Wendell Holmes's \"prediction theory\" of the law is underpinned by this school of thought, which is caricatured as arguing that law is determined by \"what the judge had for breakfast.\" For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this school of thought, which includes Karl Llewellyn (“luh-WELL-lin”) and Robert Hale. This school of thought rejects formalism and analyzes the law as being driven by policy preference and other biases.","Hale’s distributional analysis of law influenced a left-wing “Legal Studies” movement named for this word. Kimberlé Crenshaw advocates a theory concerning race named for this adjective.","Holmes’s “The Path of the Law” stated that even this thinker’s formulation of <i>laissez-faire</i> (“LESS-say FAIR”) should be questioned. Holmes later wrote that “the Fourteenth Amendment does not enact” this thinker’s theories."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this school of thought, which includes Karl Llewellyn (\"luh-WELL-lin\") and Robert Hale. This school of thought rejects formalism and analyzes the law as being driven by policy preference and other biases.","Hale's distributional analysis of law influenced a left-wing \"Legal Studies\" movement named for this word. Kimberle Crenshaw advocates a theory concerning race named for this adjective.","Holmes's \"The Path of the Law\" stated that even this thinker's formulation of laissez-faire (\"LESS-say FAIR\") should be questioned. Holmes later wrote that \"the Fourteenth Amendment does not enact\" this thinker's theories."],"answers":["legal <b><u>realism</u></b> [or word forms; accept American Legal <b><u>Realism</u></b> or “A<b><u>LR</u></b>”; accept New Legal <b><u>Realism</u></b> or “N<b><u>LR</u></b>”; reject “positivism”]","<b><u>critical</u></b> [or <b><u>Critical</u></b> Legal Studies; or <b><u>Critical</u></b> Race Theory; prompt on <u>C</u>RT]","Herbert <b><u>Spencer</u></b> [or “Mr. Herbert <b><u>Spencer</u></b>”; accept “the Fourteenth amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert <b><u>Spencer</u></b>’s <i>Social Statics</i>”] (“The Path of the Law” stated the “prediction theory” that law is what a “bad man” predicts a judge would do to him if he takes a given action.)"],"answers_sanitized":["legal realism [or word forms; accept American Legal Realism or \"ALR\"; accept New Legal Realism or \"NLR\"; reject \"positivism\"]","critical [or Critical Legal Studies; or Critical Race Theory; prompt on CRT]","Herbert Spencer [or \"Mr. Herbert Spencer\"; accept \"the Fourteenth amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics\"] (\"The Path of the Law\" stated the \"prediction theory\" that law is what a \"bad man\" predicts a judge would do to him if he takes a given action.)"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:14.270Z","category":"Social Science","subcategory":"Social Science","alternate_subcategory":"Other Social Science","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":18,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc2a8d8a47437e95b72","name":"N. Playoffs 5 (Editors 5)","number":14},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc2a8d8a47437e95bc1","leadin":"The Báb’s first convert, Mullá Husayn, revived this symbol before his death at Tabarsi. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The Bab's first convert, Mulla Husayn, revived this symbol before his death at Tabarsi. For 10 points each:","parts":["Identify this symbol adopted by Abu Muslim during the Abbasid Revolution. It was inspired by hadiths that describe armies marching from Khorasan, ready to obey the Mahdi.","Al-Ma’mun changed the Abbasid livery to green when he made Shia imam Ali al-Rida his heir, but was again using black banners by this period. This inquisition with an Arabic name persecuted opponents of Mu’tazilism.","The Ottomans captured the Sancak-ı Şerif (“san-JAHK-uh shay-REEF”), said to be Muhammad’s own black banner, from the Mamluks; by the 18th century, it was almost entirely used to rally the population of Istanbul against these unruly slave soldiers."],"parts_sanitized":["Identify this symbol adopted by Abu Muslim during the Abbasid Revolution. It was inspired by hadiths that describe armies marching from Khorasan, ready to obey the Mahdi.","Al-Ma'mun changed the Abbasid livery to green when he made Shia imam Ali al-Rida his heir, but was again using black banners by this period. This inquisition with an Arabic name persecuted opponents of Mu'tazilism.","The Ottomans captured the Sancak-ı Serif (\"san-JAHK-uh shay-REEF\"), said to be Muhammad's own black banner, from the Mamluks; by the 18th century, it was almost entirely used to rally the population of Istanbul against these unruly slave soldiers."],"answers":["<b><u>black flag</u></b> [accept descriptions of a <b><u>flag</u></b> that is all <b><u>black</u></b>; accept <b><u>black livery</u></b> or <b><u>black raiment</u></b>; accept <b><u>Black Banner</u></b>, <b><u>Black Standard</u></b>, or <b><u>ar-rāyat as-sawdā</u></b>; accept <b><u>Banner of the Eagle</u></b> or <b><u>rāyat al-‘uqāb</u></b>; prompt on <u>rāyat</u>, <u>flag</u>, <u>banner</u>, or <u>standard</u>]","<b><u>mihna</u></b> [or the <b><u>miḥna</u></b> khalq al-qur’ān]","<b><u>janissaries</u></b> [or <b><u>janissary</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["black flag [accept descriptions of a flag that is all black; accept black livery or black raiment; accept Black Banner, Black Standard, or ar-rayat as-sawda; accept Banner of the Eagle or rayat al-'uqab; prompt on rayat, flag, banner, or standard]","mihna [or the mihna khalq al-qur'an]","janissaries [or janissary]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:14.546Z","category":"History","subcategory":"World History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","h","e"],"number":18,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc2a8d8a47437e95b9b","name":"O. Playoffs 6 (Editors 6)","number":15},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc3a8d8a47437e95c56","leadin":"“Divergent” methods for producing these molecules begin each new generation with nucleophilic substitutions like the Michael addition. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"\"Divergent\" methods for producing these molecules begin each new generation with nucleophilic substitutions like the Michael addition. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name these molecules independently synthesized by Denkewalter, Tomalia, and Newkome in the 1980s. A class of these molecules with repeating amine and amide groups are commercialized under the name Starburst.","Unlike divergent dendrimer synthesis, which starts at the core, convergent synthesis begins by forming these surface modifications. Boc and Fmoc (“F-mock”) act as these groups to prevent undesirable side reactions.","Recent research on dendrimers as drug delivery agents focuses on their synthesis via this reaction, which uses cyclooctynes in a bioorthogonal approach developed by Carolyn Bertozzi."],"parts_sanitized":["Name these molecules independently synthesized by Denkewalter, Tomalia, and Newkome in the 1980s. A class of these molecules with repeating amine and amide groups are commercialized under the name Starburst.","Unlike divergent dendrimer synthesis, which starts at the core, convergent synthesis begins by forming these surface modifications. Boc and Fmoc (\"F-mock\") act as these groups to prevent undesirable side reactions.","Recent research on dendrimers as drug delivery agents focuses on their synthesis via this reaction, which uses cyclooctynes in a bioorthogonal approach developed by Carolyn Bertozzi."],"answers":["<b><u>dendrimer</u></b>s [or <b><u>dendron</u></b>s; accept <b><u>PAMAM</u></b> or <b><u>polyamidoamine</u></b>s or Starburst <b><u>dendrimer</u></b>s; accept <b><u>arborol</u></b>s; prompt on <u>polymer</u>s]","<b><u>protecting</u></b> groups","<b><u>Huisgen</u></b>(“HOUSE-gun”) cycloaddition [or <b><u>azide–alkyne</u></b> cycloaddition; accept <b><u>CuAAC</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["dendrimers [or dendrons; accept PAMAM or polyamidoamines or Starburst dendrimers; accept arborols; prompt on polymers]","protecting groups","Huisgen(\"HOUSE-gun\") cycloaddition [or azide-alkyne cycloaddition; accept CuAAC]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:15.756Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Chemistry","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":3,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc3a8d8a47437e95c3f","name":"S. Playoffs 10 (Editors 10)","number":19},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc4a8d8a47437e95ca7","leadin":"The narrator of a novel by this author recalls riding in the fancy baby carriage gifted by her rich German aunt and encountering a pet pygmy hippopotamus on the aunt’s estate. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The narrator of a novel by this author recalls riding in the fancy baby carriage gifted by her rich German aunt and encountering a pet pygmy hippopotamus on the aunt's estate. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this author of <i>Mina’s Matchbox</i>. This author wrote about a mathematician with a memory that only lasts 80 minutes who is cared for by a housekeeper and her young son.","Ogawa’s novella collection <i>The Diving Pool</i> is usually described as belonging to this type of genre fiction. Koji Suzuki’s <i>Ring</i> and most of the manga of Junji Ito belong to this broad genre.","In <i>Mina’s Matchbox</i>, Tomoko begins to use the local library after hearing about the apparent suicide of this man via gas. This person delivered the Zen-inspired lecture “Japan, The Beautiful and Myself.”"],"parts_sanitized":["Name this author of Mina's Matchbox. This author wrote about a mathematician with a memory that only lasts 80 minutes who is cared for by a housekeeper and her young son.","Ogawa's novella collection The Diving Pool is usually described as belonging to this type of genre fiction. Koji Suzuki's Ring and most of the manga of Junji Ito belong to this broad genre.","In Mina's Matchbox, Tomoko begins to use the local library after hearing about the apparent suicide of this man via gas. This person delivered the Zen-inspired lecture \"Japan, The Beautiful and Myself.\""],"answers":["Yōko <b><u>Ogawa</u></b> [or <b><u>Ogawa</u></b> Yōko] (The novel is <i>The Housekeeper and the Professor</i>.)","<b><u>horror</u></b> fiction [accept psychological <b><u>horror</u></b>; accept <b><u>ghost</u></b> stories; prompt on <u>mystery</u>]","Yasunari <b><u>Kawabata</u></b> [or <b><u>Kawabata</u></b> Yasunari]"],"answers_sanitized":["Yoko Ogawa [or Ogawa Yoko] (The novel is The Housekeeper and the Professor.)","horror fiction [accept psychological horror; accept ghost stories; prompt on mystery]","Yasunari Kawabata [or Kawabata Yasunari]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:16.315Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"World Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Short Fiction","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":2,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc4a8d8a47437e95c91","name":"U. Finals 1 (Editors 11)","number":21},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"69f6ccc4a8d8a47437e95d06","leadin":"Delays in the drafting of this document led to the seizure of the merchant ship <i>Betsey</i> until this document was finalized. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Delays in the drafting of this document led to the seizure of the merchant ship Betsey until this document was finalized. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this treaty, whose final version was negotiated by Thomas Barclay and notably did not include stipulations about tribute.","The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Morocco and the US was signed by a congress governed by this document. This document established the first unicameral legislature in the US.","A politician from this state named Samuel Huntington urged Congress to “cultivate the most perfect friendship” with the sultan by signing a peace treaty. Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth once served as a senator from this state."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this treaty, whose final version was negotiated by Thomas Barclay and notably did not include stipulations about tribute.","The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Morocco and the US was signed by a congress governed by this document. This document established the first unicameral legislature in the US.","A politician from this state named Samuel Huntington urged Congress to \"cultivate the most perfect friendship\" with the sultan by signing a peace treaty. Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth once served as a senator from this state."],"answers":["<b><u>Moroccan-American</u></b> Treaty of Peace and Friendship [or the Treaty of <b><u>Marrakesh</u></b>; accept the <b><u>Treaty</u></b> <b><u>of Peace and Friendship</u></b> between <b><u>Morocco</u></b> and the <b><u>United States</u></b>; accept the <b><u>Treaty of Friendship</u></b> between <b><u>Morocco</u></b> and the <b><u>United States</u></b>; accept <b><u>America</u></b> or the <b><u>US</u></b> for “United States”; accept the Sultanate of <b><u>Morocco</u></b>, the <b><u>Alawi Sultanate</u></b>, or the <b><u>Sharifian Sultanate</u></b> for “Morocco”; prompt on the <u>Treaty of Peace and Friendship</u> or the <u>Treaty of Friendship</u> by asking “between what two countries?”]","<b><u>Articles of Confederation</u></b> [or <b><u>Articles of Confederation</u></b> and Perpetual Union]","<b><u>Connecticut</u></b> [or <b><u>CT</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship [or the Treaty of Marrakesh; accept the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Morocco and the United States; accept the Treaty of Friendship between Morocco and the United States; accept America or the US for \"United States\"; accept the Sultanate of Morocco, the Alawi Sultanate, or the Sharifian Sultanate for \"Morocco\"; prompt on the Treaty of Peace and Friendship or the Treaty of Friendship by asking \"between what two countries?\"]","Articles of Confederation [or Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]","Connecticut [or CT]"],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T04:19:16.952Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":15,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"69f6ccc4a8d8a47437e95ce3","name":"W. Emergency Packet (Editors 13)","number":23},"set":{"_id":"69f6ccbda8d8a47437e9595c","name":"2026 ACF Nationals","year":2026,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f7feb7f936a9a15e440","leadin":"During an 1874 smallpox outbreak near this body of water, Native Americans developed a contraption that would dunk infected people into it and then transport them into a cold bath. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"During an 1874 smallpox outbreak near this body of water, Native Americans developed a contraption that would dunk infected people into it and then transport them into a cold bath. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this body of water, a popular hunting expedition site for British dignitaries invited there by Henry Seton-Karr. It was parallel to the Oregon Trail and described as “a mile wide and an inch deep.”","Travelers who needed emergency supplies on the Overland Trail stopped at this “old” fort built in 1846 on Table Creek. It was named after a general who led the Army of the West during the Mexican-American War.","Fort Kearny also served as a major outpost for this 1860-61 courier service that delivered mail between Oregon and California."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this body of water, a popular hunting expedition site for British dignitaries invited there by Henry Seton-Karr. It was parallel to the Oregon Trail and described as \"a mile wide and an inch deep.\"","Travelers who needed emergency supplies on the Overland Trail stopped at this \"old\" fort built in 1846 on Table Creek. It was named after a general who led the Army of the West during the Mexican-American War.","Fort Kearny also served as a major outpost for this 1860-61 courier service that delivered mail between Oregon and California."],"answers":["<b><u>Platte</u></b> River [or North <b><u>Platte</u></b> River]","Fort <b><u>Kearny</u></b> [or Fort <b><u>Kearney</u></b>]","<b><u>Pony Express </u></b>"],"answers_sanitized":["Platte River [or North Platte River]","Fort Kearny [or Fort Kearney]","Pony Express"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:47.197Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","h","e"],"number":3,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f7feb7f936a9a15e429","name":"05","number":5},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e4c7","leadin":"<i>Moderator’s Note: Description Acceptable</i> This speech contained the humorous remark “I’m the one doing all the work here, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute.” For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Moderator's Note: Description Acceptable This speech contained the humorous remark \"I'm the one doing all the work here, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute.\" For 10 points each:","parts":["Identify or describe this speech delivered at Rice University that cited a 5-billion-dollar budget to achieve the objective of the speech.","The “We choose to go to the Moon” speech was delivered during the tenure of this space program that succeeded Project Mercury. The eleventh mission of this program landed astronauts on the Moon’s Sea of Tranquility.","Before the “We chose to go to the Moon” speech, Kennedy, John Glenn, and this member of the Mercury 7 were shown a display module of the Apollo mission. He was the second American astronaut to orbit the Earth."],"parts_sanitized":["Identify or describe this speech delivered at Rice University that cited a 5-billion-dollar budget to achieve the objective of the speech.","The \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was delivered during the tenure of this space program that succeeded Project Mercury. The eleventh mission of this program landed astronauts on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility.","Before the \"We chose to go to the Moon\" speech, Kennedy, John Glenn, and this member of the Mercury 7 were shown a display module of the Apollo mission. He was the second American astronaut to orbit the Earth."],"answers":["<b><u>“We choose to go to the Moon”</u></b> speech [Accept descriptions such as <b><u>J</u></b>ohn <b><u>F.</u></b> <b><u>K</u></b>ennedy’s speech urging going to the <b><u>Moon</u></b>]","Project <b><u>Apollo </u></b>","Scott <b><u>Carpenter </u></b>"],"answers_sanitized":["\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech [Accept descriptions such as John F. Kennedy's speech urging going to the Moon]","Project Apollo","Scott Carpenter"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:48.017Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":15,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f7feb7f936a9a15e4a4","name":"08","number":8},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e515","leadin":"The NYT’s Maureen Farrell wrote an October 2024 article about how this company’s CFO didn’t know who its CEO, Steve Kourelakos, was. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"The NYT's Maureen Farrell wrote an October 2024 article about how this company's CFO didn't know who its CEO, Steve Kourelakos, was. For 10 points each:","parts":["Identify this food delivery vendor controlled behind the scenes by the Brunckhorst and Bischoff families out of Sarasota, Florida. Its Listeria-contaminated products caused a Virginia plant to shut down in 2024.","Boar’s Head is a primary vendor for these locations inside grocery stores. Non-chain types of these places include Liebman’s and Katz's in New York.","Boar’s Head products being pulled primarily affected this Lakeland, Florida based grocery chain founded by George Jenkins. Its former board member, Julie Fancelli, was revealed to be a major donor to the January 6th rioters."],"parts_sanitized":["Identify this food delivery vendor controlled behind the scenes by the Brunckhorst and Bischoff families out of Sarasota, Florida. Its Listeria-contaminated products caused a Virginia plant to shut down in 2024.","Boar's Head is a primary vendor for these locations inside grocery stores. Non-chain types of these places include Liebman's and Katz's in New York.","Boar's Head products being pulled primarily affected this Lakeland, Florida based grocery chain founded by George Jenkins. Its former board member, Julie Fancelli, was revealed to be a major donor to the January 6th rioters."],"answers":["<b><u>Boar’s Head</u></b> Provision Company","<b><u>Delicatessen</u></b> [or <b><u>deli</u></b>]","<b><u>Publix</u></b> Super Markets"],"answers_sanitized":["Boar's Head Provision Company","Delicatessen [or deli]","Publix Super Markets"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:48.563Z","category":"Current Events","subcategory":"Current Events","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":11,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e4f6","name":"10","number":10},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e53e","leadin":"A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivered via this route of administration is being developed by Tarik Massoud at Stanford. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivered via this route of administration is being developed by Tarik Massoud at Stanford. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this route of administration that is also used for a form of esketamine called Spravato. Rhinocort and Afrin are medications given by this route for congestion.","Patients on adrenergic drugs are advised to avoid using nasal sprays and these enzyme inhibitors due to adverse effects. Use of these drugs is fatal if on a diet high in tyramine, a phenomenon known as the “cheese effect.”","Several of these migraine medications can be administered intranasally. This class, which includes Zomig and Maxalt, are agonists of the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D serotonin receptors and rarely cause coronary artery spasms."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this route of administration that is also used for a form of esketamine called Spravato. Rhinocort and Afrin are medications given by this route for congestion.","Patients on adrenergic drugs are advised to avoid using nasal sprays and these enzyme inhibitors due to adverse effects. Use of these drugs is fatal if on a diet high in tyramine, a phenomenon known as the \"cheese effect.\"","Several of these migraine medications can be administered intranasally. This class, which includes Zomig and Maxalt, are agonists of the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D serotonin receptors and rarely cause coronary artery spasms."],"answers":["Intra<b><u>nasal</u></b> [Accept clear equivalents like in the <b><u>nose</u></b>]","<b><u>monoamine oxidase inhibitors</u></b> [or <b><u>MAOIs</u></b> or <b><u>MAO inhibitor</u></b>s]","<b><u>triptan</u></b>s"],"answers_sanitized":["Intranasal [Accept clear equivalents like in the nose]","monoamine oxidase inhibitors [or MAOIs or MAO inhibitors]","triptans"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:48.849Z","category":"Science","subcategory":"Biology","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["e","m","h"],"number":11,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e51f","name":"11","number":11},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e546","leadin":"A young man sees this novel’s protagonist shout many different names to an ox, explaining that this is so the ox will think there are other oxen around and not get depressed. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"A young man sees this novel's protagonist shout many different names to an ox, explaining that this is so the ox will think there are other oxen around and not get depressed. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this novel in which Xu Fugui (“shoo foo-gway”) gambles away his family fortune before being conscripted into the Chinese Civil War and later has his property confiscated during the Great Leap Forward.","<i>To Live</i> is a novel by this author, whose character Xu Sanguan eats pork livers and drinks rice wine to keep his strength up while selling the title substance in <i>Chronicle of a Blood Merchant.</i>","Yu Hua wrote a novel about the unscrupulous Baldy Li and the kindly Song Gang, who have what relationship? Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha have this title relationship in another novel."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this novel in which Xu Fugui (\"shoo foo-gway\") gambles away his family fortune before being conscripted into the Chinese Civil War and later has his property confiscated during the Great Leap Forward.","To Live is a novel by this author, whose character Xu Sanguan eats pork livers and drinks rice wine to keep his strength up while selling the title substance in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant.","Yu Hua wrote a novel about the unscrupulous Baldy Li and the kindly Song Gang, who have what relationship? Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha have this title relationship in another novel."],"answers":["<i><b><u>To Live</u></b></i> [or <i><b><u>Huózhe</u></b></i>]","<b><u>Yu</u></b> Hua","<i><b><u>Brothers</u></b></i> [or <i><b><u>Xiongdi</u></b></i>; or <i>The</i> <i><b><u>Brothers</u></b> Karamazov</i>; or <i><b><u>Brát’ya</u></b> Karamázovy</i>]"],"answers_sanitized":["To Live [or Huozhe]","Yu Hua","Brothers [or Xiongdi; or The Brothers Karamazov; or Brat'ya Karamazovy]"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:48.849Z","category":"Literature","subcategory":"World Literature","alternate_subcategory":"Short Fiction","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","m","e"],"number":19,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f80eb7f936a9a15e51f","name":"11","number":11},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"68aa6f81eb7f936a9a15e5c1","leadin":"One businesswoman based in this city, Amanda Staveley, challenged a bank petition against her, stating her Huntington’s diagnosis affected her judgment. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"One businesswoman based in this city, Amanda Staveley, challenged a bank petition against her, stating her Huntington's diagnosis affected her judgment. For 10 points each:","parts":["Name this city where one entity, alongside David Reuben, is pushing for the demolition of the Grade I Leazes Terrace student accommodation to expand a venue’s East End.","The controversial expansion of Newcastle United’s St James’ Park is being led by the Public Investment Fund of this Middle Eastern country that bankrolls LIV Golf.","This “Maritime Mercantile City” was stripped of UNESCO World Heritage status in 2021 after a club unveiled plans for its new stadium on Bramley Moore Dock, which it will begin playing in during the 2025-26 season."],"parts_sanitized":["Name this city where one entity, alongside David Reuben, is pushing for the demolition of the Grade I Leazes Terrace student accommodation to expand a venue's East End.","The controversial expansion of Newcastle United's St James' Park is being led by the Public Investment Fund of this Middle Eastern country that bankrolls LIV Golf.","This \"Maritime Mercantile City\" was stripped of UNESCO World Heritage status in 2021 after a club unveiled plans for its new stadium on Bramley Moore Dock, which it will begin playing in during the 2025-26 season."],"answers":["<b><u>Newcastle</u></b> upon Tyne","Kingdom of <b><u>Saudi Arabia </u></b>","<b><u>Liverpool</u></b> [That club is Everton F.C]"],"answers_sanitized":["Newcastle upon Tyne","Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","Liverpool [That club is Everton F.C]"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-24T01:48:49.690Z","category":"Current Events","subcategory":"Current Events","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["h","e","m"],"number":19,"difficulty":9,"packet":{"_id":"68aa6f81eb7f936a9a15e59a","name":"14","number":14},"set":{"_id":"68aa6f7deb7f936a9a15e384","name":"2025 WAO","year":2025,"standard":true}},{"_id":"689a0d6a2d8608f4ad851793","leadin":"Answer the following about American overseas interventions in the 1850s. For 10 points each:","leadin_sanitized":"Answer the following about American overseas interventions in the 1850s. For 10 points each:","parts":["Matthew, a member of this family, was the namesake of an 1850s expedition to Japan that ended the <i>sakoku</i> policy of isolation. Another member of this family named Oliver won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.","American filibuster William Walker overthrew the Nicaraguan government in 1856, but was quickly deposed, in part due to British desire to build one of these structures in Nicaragua. One of these waterways was later built through Panama.","The 1854 Ostend Manifesto argued that the United States should purchase this territory. A later U.S. intervention in this territory was hit by scandal when Nelson Miles asserted that troops were being served “embalmed beef.”"],"parts_sanitized":["Matthew, a member of this family, was the namesake of an 1850s expedition to Japan that ended the sakoku policy of isolation. Another member of this family named Oliver won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.","American filibuster William Walker overthrew the Nicaraguan government in 1856, but was quickly deposed, in part due to British desire to build one of these structures in Nicaragua. One of these waterways was later built through Panama.","The 1854 Ostend Manifesto argued that the United States should purchase this territory. A later U.S. intervention in this territory was hit by scandal when Nelson Miles asserted that troops were being served \"embalmed beef.\""],"answers":["<b><u>Perry</u></b> [accept Matthew C. <b><u>Perry</u></b> or Oliver Hazard <b><u>Perry</u></b>; accept <b><u>Perry</u></b> Expedition]","<b><u>canal</u></b>s [accept Nicaragua <b><u>Canal</u></b> or Panama <b><u>Canal</u></b>]","<b><u>Cuba</u></b> [or Republic of <b><u>Cuba</u></b> or República de <b><u>Cuba</u></b>]"],"answers_sanitized":["Perry [accept Matthew C. Perry or Oliver Hazard Perry; accept Perry Expedition]","canals [accept Nicaragua Canal or Panama Canal]","Cuba [or Republic of Cuba or Republica de Cuba]"],"updatedAt":"2025-08-11T15:34:02.158Z","category":"History","subcategory":"American History","values":[10,10,10],"difficultyModifiers":["m","e","h"],"number":12,"difficulty":3,"packet":{"_id":"689a0d6a2d8608f4ad851773","name":"01","number":1},"set":{"_id":"689a0d692d8608f4ad851772","name":"2025 SHOW-ME","year":2025,"standard":true}}]},"queryString":"liver"}